PASSENGER HANDLING

Passport

A passport can be defined as “an official document issued by a competent public authority to nationals or to alien residents of the issuing country”. Another purpose of the passport is to provide evidence of legal entry into another country. Some countries allow joint passport, that two or more people traveling together hold a single joint passport.

Travel agents should ensure that:

• Clients understand that individuals wishing to travel to another country usually require a passport.
• The client’s passport is valid for the whole time spent traveling.
• Clients are made aware of any other regulations relating to the passport validity, e.g. some countries require that a passport be valises for up to six months beyond an individual’s stay in a particular country.
• People who travel on a joint passport must travel together. For example, a mother and a chills traveling to America. The mother would not be able to continue her journey to Australia leaving her child in America. This is because the child would be left with no proof of legal entry into the country and therefore would not be able to leave without the mother.

An agent will be confronted with many passports issued by various countries. The information that agents need to refer to might be located in different places. Having state this, there are general rules regarding the validity and other information contained within passports. These include:

• A passport is normally valid for ten years
• A passport normally valid for all countries unless exceptions are noted
• A passport that is ten years old or that has no further room for visas must be replaced by a new one.
• Check the passport expiry date (some countries require that an individual’s passport be valid for six months beyond the traveler’s intended length of stay)
• Children over the age of sixteen will normally require their own passport
• A passport remains the property of the issuing authority and can be withdrawn at any time.

All passport generally contain similar information. This includes:

1. Family name

2. Given names

3. Nationality

4. Date of Birth

5. Children

6. Sex

7. Place of Birth

8. Date of Issue

9. Authority

10. Date of expiry

11. Observations

12. Holder’s signature

13. Holder’s Photograph

Other travel documents are also used instead of passports. These include:

1. Identification Cards (I/D Cards)

2. Travel certificate

3. Military I/D Cards

4. Seamen discharge books

5. Affidavits

6. Government-issued birth certificates

Types Of Passport:

1. Normal Passport

2. Alien’s Passport

    This type of passport may be issued to individuals living in a country of which they are not citizens.

3. Children’s Identity Card   

    Issued by some countries only instead of a passport, e.g. the German “Kinderausweis”. It is often not accepted by other countries. Therefore travel agents should ensure that the country to which the child is traveling will accept such cards.

4. Diplomatic or Consular Passport

    Issued to diplomatic, consular and other government officials on missions entitling the bearer to diplomatic or consular status under international law and custom.

5. Other passports

    International Red Cross and Laissez-Passer travel documents supplied to refugees. These are passports issued by international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Red Cross.

6. Official, Special or Service Passports

    Issued to government officials or other persons on government missions. The type of passport has to be specified by the issuing authority.

7. Other Travel Documents

    These documents may not have the same legal effect as passports, and they may be valid only for travel between a limited number of countries and for specified purposes.

Obtaining a passport:

 - Complete the application form

    - Photograph (how many, what photo size and what colour)

    - ID Card

    - Family Card

    - Government-issued birth certificate

    - Sponsor Letter (parents or company)

    - SBKK 1 (formulir 4)

    - Letter of Change Name

Visa

A visa is a permit allowing a citizen of one country to enter another country. Some countries require that citizens of other designated countries obtain a visa prior to traveling to their country.

The visa system assists immigration authorities in keeping records of who and how many visitors are likely to travel to and from a country. Visa regulations are drawn up in a bilateral agreement between two countries.

The definition of visa is:

“ A visa is an entry in a passport or other travel document made by an official of a government, indicating that the bearer has been granted authority to enter or re-enter the country concerned. It usually specifies the authorized length of stay, the period of validity and the number of entries allowed during that period.”

Agents should collect the following information from the client in order the check visa requirements:

1. Country of origin (where journey begins)

2. Any stopover or transfer points on route

3. Country of destination

4. Country of final destination

5. What passport the client is traveling on

Outlined below is a suggested visa check-list for travel agents:

1. Travel agents should check visa requirements for all clients

2. The agent is responsible for providing advise on obtaining a visa.

3. Check transit and entry requirements to all countries visited or being transited

4. Remember that the rules regarding transit often differ from those related to a “stopover”

5. A “transit” can mean different things indifferent countries – check the time permitted for transit. If the client’s transfer is longer than the transit time allowed, then the visitor visa must be applied for instead of a transit visa.

6. Several countries restrict entry to certain nationals.

TYPES OF VISA

1. Visitor Visa

   Also referred to as: entry permit, entry visa, business visa or travel pass. It provides right of entry to another country, subject to satisfying immigration authorities at the point of entry.

   The usual conditions for obtaining a visitor’s visa include: proof of holding sufficient funds for the length of stay and proof of prepaid onward travel. Some countries ask for proof of funds and onward tickets before issuing the visa.

2. Transit Visa

   Provides right of entry into another country purely for the purpose of making travel connections onwards to a third country. Regulations related to transit vary from country to country and should be checked.

    For example, one country may stipulate that passengers who transit within 8 hours, for example, do not need visa. Whereas another country may require a passenger to obtain a transit visa even if they arrive and leave all within a four-hour period

3. Transit without visa

    Many countries have made agreements that allow other (TWOV) nationals to transit their country without the needed to obtain a visa.

    The period of validity of a TWOV will vary from one country to another.

4. Re-entry permits

    Where necessary, these permits entitle travelers to return to their country of domicile.

5. Exit permits

    They entitle travelers to leave a country.

    These permits may be necessary for citizens to leave their own country of domicile.

    Exit permits may be required by foreign nationals to leave a country through which they had been traveling, or by expatriates.

6. Schengen Visa

    4 types of schengen visas:

    1. Airport transit visa

    2. Transit visa

    3. Short period visa (3 months)

    4. Long period national visa (valid in country of issue only)

    Schengen state comprise: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden.

    Created in 1995, the Schengen is an agreement between several member states of the European Union (EU), and effectively creates a “borderless” region known as the Schengen Area.

Visa extension are normally allowed.

Obtaining a visa:

- Complete the application form from the country’s consulate or embassy

    - Photograph

    - Pay fees

    - Check how long the procedure will take. Visa can take several weeks, even months to issue.

Health Certificate

Agents should check for any compulsory vaccinations required to protect against disease and infection whilst traveling. As well as general advice on any vaccinations and preventative health precautions recommended for the area visited, it is necessary to check the health regulations of:

1. The country of destination

2. The country of origin or departure

3. Any transit countries

To types of immunization are described in TIM: compulsory vaccinations and recommended immunizations. Only certain countries require compulsory vaccinations, whereas many more may recommend certain immunizations especially if travelers are traveling outside of urban areas.

The international certificate of vaccination is an individual certificate and is obtained from health clinics, travel clinics, doctors or other authorized medical personnel. Any individual who arrives in a country without a required health certificate may be subject to quarantine or deported.

Count and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns

Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:

• dog, cat, animal, man, person
• bottle, box, litre
• coin, note, dollar
• cup, plate, fork
• table, chair, suitcase, bag

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

• My dog is playing.
• My dogs are hungry.

We can use the indefinite article a/an with countable nouns:

• A dog is an animal.

When a countable noun is singular, we must use a word like a/the/my/this with it:

• I want an orange. (not I want orange.)
• Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?)

When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone:

• I like oranges.
• Bottles can break.

We can use some and any with countable nouns:

• I've got some dollars.
• Have you got any pens?

We can use a few and many with countable nouns:

• I've got a few dollars.
• I haven't got many pens.

"People" is countable. "People" is the plural of "person". We can count people:

• There is one person here.
• There are three people here.

Uncountable Nouns

Uncountable nouns are substances, concepts etc that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot "count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or "litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. Here are some more uncountable nouns:

• music, art, love, happiness
• advice, information, news
• furniture, luggage
• rice, sugar, butter, water
• electricity, gas, power
• money, currency

We usually treat uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. For example:

• This news is very important.
• Your luggage looks heavy.

We do not usually use the indefinite article a/an with uncountable nouns. We cannot say "an information" or "a music". But we can say a something of:

• a piece of news
• a bottle of water
• a grain of rice

We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:

• I've got some money.
• Have you got any rice?

We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:

• I've got a little money.
• I haven't got much rice.

·         Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns:

Countable	Uncountable
dollar	money
song	music
suitcase	luggage
table	furniture
battery	electricity
bottle	wine
report	information
tip	advice
journey	travel
job	work
view	scenery

·         When you learn a new word, it's a good idea to learn whether it's countable or uncountable.

Source: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/nouns-un-countable.htm

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many of the world's languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb  that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice, in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.

Typically, in passive clauses, what would otherwise be expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb comes to be expressed by the subject, while what would otherwise be expressed by the subject is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus transforming an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it transforms transitive verbs into intransitive verbs.

Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntactic role of subject. The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion. The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.

The passive voice in English

English, like some other languages, uses a periphrastic passive. Rather than conjugating directly for voice, English uses the past participle form of the verb plus an auxiliary verb, either be or get, to indicate passive voice.

The money was donated to the school.

The vase got broken during the fight.

All men are created equal.

If the agent is mentioned, it usually appears in a prepositional phrase introduced by the preposition by.

Without agent: The paper was marked.

With agent: The paper was marked by Mr. Tan.

The subject of the passive voice usually corresponds to the direct object of the corresponding active voice (as in the above examples), but English also allows passive constructions in which the subject corresponds to an indirect object or preposition complement:

We were given tickets. (subject we corresponds to the indirect object of give)

Tim was operated on yesterday. (subject Tim corresponds to the complement of the preposition on)

In sentences of the second type, a stranded preposition is left. This is called the prepositional passive or pseudo-passive (although the latter term can also be used with other meanings).

The active voice is the dominant voice in English at large. Many commentators, notably George Orwell in his essay "Politics and the English Language" and Strunk & White in The Elements of Style, have urged minimizing use of the passive voice. However, the passive voice has important uses. Jan Freeman of The Boston Globe states "all good writers use the passive voice" including Orwell and Strunk & White themselves, in the sections of their essays criticizing the passive voice. There is general agreement that the passive voice is useful for emphasis, or when the receiver of the action is more important than the actor.

Referensi:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice